一、被动语态的构成形式

1.被动语态的基本时态变化

被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由be过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：

1)am/is/are done(过去分词)一般现在时

例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

2)has/have been done现在完成时

例All the preparations for the task have been completed,and we're ready to start.

3)am/is/are being done现在进行时

例A new cinema is being built here.

4)was/were done一般过去时

例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

5)had been done过去完成时

例By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.

6)was/were being done过去进行时

例A meeting was being held when I was there.

7)shall/will be done一般将来时

例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.

8)should/would be done过去将来时

例The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.

9)shall/will have been done将来完成时(少用)

例The project will have been completed before July.

2.被动语态的特殊结构形式

1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。

例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.

2)有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。

例His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改为He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.

3)当“动词宾语宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。

例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.

4)在使役动词have,make,get以及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。

例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

5)有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。

例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

3.非谓语动词的被动语态

v.ing形式及不定式to do也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。

例I don't like being laughed at in the public.

二、如何使用被动语态

学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。

1.讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省by短语)。

例My bike was stolen last night.

2.借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。

例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.

3.为了更好地安排句子。

例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.(一个主语就够了)

三、It is said that从句及其他类似句型

一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It be过去分词that从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。有：

It is said that…据说,It is reported that…据报道，It is believed that…大家相信，It is hoped that…大家希望，It is well known that…众所周知，It is thought that…大家认为，It is suggested that…据建议。

例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.(=The boy is said to have passed the national exam.)

四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义

1.英语中有很多动词如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。

例This kind of cloth washes well.

注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。

试比较：The door won't lock.(指门本身有毛病)

The door won't be locked.(指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的原因)

2.表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen,last,take place,break out,come out,come about,come true,run out,give out,turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。

例How do the newspapers come out?这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?

3.系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel,sound,taste,book,feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。

例Your reason sounds reasonable

五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义

在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。

1.在need，want，require,bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。

例The house needs repairing(to be repaired).这房子需要修理。

2.形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。

例The picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.)

3.动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。

例I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.(to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)

试比较：I’ll go to the post office.Do you have a letter to be posted?(此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)

4.在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。

例This problem is difficult to work out.(可看作to work out省略了for me).

5.在too…to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。

例This book is too expensive(for me)to buy.

6.在there be…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。

例There is no time to lose(to be lost).(用to lose可看成for us to lose;用to be lost，谁lost time不明确。)

7.在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。

例Who is to blame for starting the fire?

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